29 Jun-3 Jul 2026 Paris (France)
Universal Confining Strings: From Compact QED to the Hadron Spectrum
Maria Diamantini  1  , Fernando Quevedo  2, 3  , Carlo Trugenberger  2, 4  , Luis Zapata  2, *, @  
1 : NiPS Laboratory, INFN and Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia
via A. Pascoli, I-06100 Perugia -  Italy
2 : New York University Abu Dhabi  -  Website
PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates -  United Arab Emirates
3 : Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics [Cambridge]  (DAMTP)  -  Website
DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA -  United Kingdom
4 : SwissScientific Technologies SA
rue du Rhone 59, CH-1204 Geneva -  Switzerland
* : Corresponding author

We investigate the description of quark confinement in terms of confining strings or flux tubes. We show that compact QED with a topological $\theta$-term, in the dyon condensation phase, is described by a {\it massive} two-form field $B_{\mu\nu}$ that gives rise to a string theory with an IR Brazovskii-Lifshitz fixed point at strong coupling. This corresponds to a quantum consistent ``free string" in (3+1) dimensions, representing the dual of asymptotic freedom in the UV. Contrary to critical strings, which correspond to trivial Gaussian fixed points, this string is stabilized by a finite thickness, determined by the mass of the $B_{\mu\nu}$ field, instead of living in a higher dimensional space. It correspondingly contains a massive world-sheet resonance, in addition to the Nambu-Goto phonons, that improves fitting with data. We compute the confining potential and show that it reproduces a generalized Arvis potential $V(L)= aL\sqrt{1-c/L^2}$ with running parameters $a(L), c(L)$. We compute the mass difference ratios for the heaviest quarkonium and find 2.5\% agreement with experiment already at the infrared fixed point. We also compute the intercept of Regge trajectories and find that the thickness of Brazovskii-Lifshitz strings tends to increase it from the Nambu-Goto value $\alpha_0= 1/12$. Overall, our findings strongly support Polyakov's longstanding conjecture on universality of confining gauge theories in the IR.



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